1. Kudiwa kwekuchengetedza mvura
Ese marudzi emabhesi anoda dhaka rekuvaka ane imwe dhigirii yekunyudza mvura.Mushure mekunge chigadziko chinotora mvura mudhaka, kuvakwa kwedhaka kuchave kwakashata, uye mumatambudziko akaoma, iyo simentiti mudhaka haizove yakazara hydrated, zvichikonzera kuderera kwesimba, kunyanya simba rekubatanidza pakati pevhu rakaoma. uye base layer, zvichiita kuti dhaka ritsemuka nekudonha.Kana dhaka rekupurasita riine zvakakodzera kuchengetedza mvura kuita, haingogone kuvandudza zvinobudirira kuita kwekuvaka kwedhaka, asiwo kuita kuti mvura iri mudhaka iome kubatwa nehwaro layer uye kuve nechokwadi chekuti hydration yakakwana yesamende.
2. Matambudziko nenzira dzechinyakare dzekuchengeta mvura
Mhinduro yechinyakare ndeyekudiridza hwaro, asi hazvibviri kuve nechokwadi kuti chigadziko chakanyoroveswa.Iyo yakanakira hydration tarisiro yesamende dhaka pachigadziko ndechekuti simende hydration chigadzirwa chinotora mvura pamwe chete nechigadziko, chinopinda munheyo, uye chinoumba inoshanda "kiyi yekubatanidza" nechigadziko, kuitira kuti uwane inodiwa chisungo simba.Kudiridza zvakananga pamusoro pechigadziko kunokonzeresa kupararira kwakanyanya mumvura kunyura kwegasi nekuda kwekusiyana kwekushisa, nguva yekudiridza, uye kufanana kwekudiridza.Nheyo yacho ine mvura shoma uye icharamba ichitora mvura mudhaka.Pamberi pe simenti hydration ichienderera mberi, mvura inobatwa, iyo inokanganisa simenti hydration uye kupinda kwezvigadzirwa zve hydration mumatrix;chigadziko chine mvura yakakura, uye mvura iri mudhaka inoyerera ichienda pasi.Iyo yepakati yekutama kumhanya inononoka, uye kunyange mvura-yakapfuma layer inoumbwa pakati pedhaka uye matrix, iyo inokanganisawo kusimba kwechisungo.Naizvozvo, kushandisa yakajairwa base yekudiridza nzira haizongokundikana kugadzirisa zvinobudirira dambudziko rekunyura kwemvura yakakwira yemadziro emadziro, asi kuchakanganisa kusimba kwekubatanidza pakati pedhaka nechigadziko, zvichikonzera kuputika nekutsemuka.
3. Zvinodiwa zvemadhaka akasiyana ekuchengetedza mvura
Mwero wekuchengetwa kwemvura wakanangana nekupurasita zvigadzirwa zvedhaka zvinoshandiswa mune imwe nzvimbo uye munzvimbo dzine tembiricha yakafanana nehunyoro mamiriro zvinotsanangurwa pazasi.
①Yakakwira mvura yekunyudza substrate plastering dhaka
Mvura yakakwirira yekunyudza substrates inomiririrwa nemhepo-yakadzika kongiri, kusanganisira akasiyana-siyana lightweight partition board, blocks, etc., ane hunhu hwekunyura kwemvura hombe uye kureba kwenguva.Dhaka rekupurasita rinoshandiswa parudzi urwu rwechigadziko chinofanirwa kuve nechiyero chekuchengetedza mvura chisingasviki 88%.
②Mvura yakadzika inonyura substrate plastering dhaka
Mvura yakaderera yekunyudza substrates inomiririrwa nekandwa-mu-nzvimbo kongiri, kusanganisira polystyrene mabhodhi ekunze kwemadziro ekudzivirira, nezvimwewo, ane diki mvura yekunyudza.Iyo dhaka yekupurasita inoshandiswa kune ma substrates akadaro inofanirwa kunge iine mwero wekuchengetedza mvura isingasviki 88%.
③Dhin layer yekupurasita dhaka
Thin-layer plastering (thin-layer plastering).Mhando iyi yekuvaka plastering iri nyore kurasikirwa nemwando nekuda kweiyo yakaonda plastering layer, iyo inokanganisa kushanda uye simba.Kune dhaka rinoshandiswa pamhando iyi yekupurasita, huwandu hwayo hwekuchengetedza mvura hausi pasi pe99%.
④Dhick layer yekupurasita dhaka
Kupurasita gobvu (thick layer plastering) zvinoreva kupurasita uko ukobvu hweimwe purasita iri pakati pe8mm ne20mm.Mhando iyi yekuvaka plastering haisi nyore kurasikirwa nemvura nekuda kweiyo gobvu plastering layer, saka mwero wekuchengetedza mvura yedhaka rekupurasita haifanire kunge iri pasi pe88%.
⑤Putty isingapinde mumvura
Mvura inodzivirira putty inoshandiswa seyekupedzisira-yakatetepa plastering zvinhu, uye hupamhi hwekuvaka huri pakati pe1 ne2mm.Zvishandiso zvakadaro zvinoda zvakanyanyisa kuchengetedza mvura zvivakwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwavo uye kusimba kwechisungo.Pazvinhu zveputty, chiyero chekuchengetedza mvura hachifanire kunge chiri pasi pe99%, uye chiyero chekuchengetedza mvura ye putty kumadziro ekunze chinofanira kunge chakakura kupfuura cheputty yemadziro emukati.
4. Mhando dzezvinhu zvekuchengetedza mvura
Cellulose ether
1) Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
2) Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
3) Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
4) Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC)
5) Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HEMC)
Starch ether
1) Yakagadziridzwa starch ether
2) Chengetedza ether
Modified mineral water-retaining thickener (montmorillonite, bentonite, etc.)
shanu, zvinotevera zvinotarisa pakushanda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana
1. Cellulose ether
1.1 Mhedziso yeCellulose Ether
Cellulose ether izwi rinowanzoreva nhevedzano yezvigadzirwa zvinoumbwa nekuita kwealkali cellulose uye etherification agent pasi pemamwe mamiriro.Akasiyana cellulose ethers anowanikwa nekuti alkali fiber inotsiviwa neakasiyana etherification agents.Zvinoenderana neiyo ionization yezvakaitsiva, cellulose ethers inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka maviri: ionic, senge carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), uye nonionic, senge methyl cellulose (MC).
Zvinoenderana nemhando dzezvinotsiva, cellulose ethers inogona kupatsanurwa kuita monoether, senge methyl cellulose ether (MC), uye yakasanganiswa ether, senge hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose ether (HECMC).Zvinoenderana neakasiyana masolvents ayo anonyungudika, anogona kukamurwa kuita marudzi maviri: mvura-inonyungudika uye organic solvent-soluble.
1.2 Mhando huru dze cellulose
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), dhigirii inoshanda yekutsiva: 0.4-1.4;etherification agent, monooxyacetic acid;dissolving solvent, mvura;
Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), dhigirii inoshanda yekutsiva: 0.7-1.0;etherification agent, monooxyacetic acid, ethylene oxide;dissolving solvent, mvura;
Methylcellulose (MC), inoshanda dhigirii yekutsiva: 1.5-2.4;etherification agent, methyl chloride;dissolving solvent, mvura;
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), inoshanda dhigirii yekutsiva: 1.3-3.0;etherification agent, ethylene oxide;dissolving solvent, mvura;
Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose (HEMC), dhigirii inoshanda yekutsiva: 1.5-2.0;etherification agent, ethylene oxide, methyl chloride;dissolving solvent, mvura;
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), dhigirii inoshanda yekutsiva: 2.5-3.5;etherification agent, propylene oxide;dissolving solvent, mvura;
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), dhigirii inoshanda yekutsiva: 1.5-2.0;etherification agent, propylene oxide, methyl chloride;dissolving solvent, mvura;
Ethyl cellulose (EC), inoshanda dhigirii yekutsiva: 2.3-2.6;etherification agent, monochloroethane;kunyungudutsa solvent, organic solvent;
Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), dhigirii inoshanda yekutsiva: 2.4-2.8;etherification agent, monochloroethane, ethylene oxide;kunyungudutsa solvent, organic solvent;
1.3 Zvivakwa zve cellulose
1.3.1 Methyl cellulose ether (MC)
①Methylcellulose inonyungudika mumvura inotonhora, uye zvichave zvakaoma kunyungudika mumvura inopisa.Mushonga wayo une aqueous wakanyatsogadzikana muchikamu chePH=3-12.Iine kuwirirana kwakanaka ne starch, guar gum, nezvimwewo uye akawanda ma surfactants.Kana tembiricha inosvika tembiricha yegelation, gelation inoitika.
②Kuchengetwa kwemvura kwemethylcellulose kunoenderana nehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera, viscosity, particle fineness uye dissolution rate.Kazhinji, kana huwandu hwekuwedzera hwakakura, hunyoro hudiki, uye viscosity yakakura, kuchengetwa kwemvura kwakakwira.Pakati pavo, huwandu hwekuwedzera hune simba guru pakuchengetedza mvura, uye iyo yakaderera viscosity haina kuenzana zvakananga nehuwandu hwekuchengetedza mvura.Mwero wekunyungudika unonyanya kuenderana nehuwandu hwekugadziriswa kwepasi kwe cellulose particles uye particle fineness.Pakati pema cellulose ethers, methyl cellulose ine mwero wepamusoro wekuchengetedza mvura.
③Shanduko yetembiricha ichakanganisa zvakanyanya mwero wekuchengetedza mvura yemethyl cellulose.Kazhinji, kukwirisa tembiricha, kunowedzera kuchengetedzeka kwemvura.Kana kutonhora kwedhaka kuchipfuura 40 ° C, kuchengetwa kwemvura kwemethyl cellulose kuchava kwakashata zvikuru, izvo zvichakanganisa zvakanyanya kuvakwa kwedhaka.
④ Methyl cellulose ine simba rakakura pakuvaka uye kunamatira kwedhaka.“Kunamira” pano kunoreva simba rekunamira rinonzwikwa pakati pemudziyo wemudziyo wekushandisa nemadziro emadziro, ndiko kuti, kugerwa kwedhaka.Iyo yakanamatira yakakwira, kushomeka kwekuveura kwedhaka kwakakura, uye vashandi vanoda simba rakawanda panguva yekushandiswa, uye kuita kwekuvaka kwedhaka kunove kwakashata.Methyl cellulose adhesion iri pamwero wepakati mune cellulose ether zvigadzirwa.
1.3.2 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Ether (HPMC)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose chigadzirwa chefiber chine kubuda uye kushandiswa kuri kuwedzera nekukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura.
Iyo isiri-ionic cellulose yakasanganiswa ether yakagadzirwa kubva kudonje rakanatswa mushure me alkalization, uchishandisa propylene oxide uye methyl chloride se etherification agents, uye kuburikidza neakatevedzana maitiro.Dhigirii rekutsiva kazhinji 1.5-2.0.Zvimiro zvaro zvakasiyana nekuda kweiyo reshiyo yakasiyana yemethoxyl yemukati uye hydroxypropyl yemukati.Yakakwira methoxyl yemukati uye yakaderera hydroxypropyl yemukati, iyo mashandiro ari pedyo nemethyl cellulose;yakaderera methoxyl yemukati uye yakakwira hydroxypropyl yemukati, kuita kuri pedyo nehydroxypropyl cellulose.
①Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura inotonhora, uye zvichanetsa kunyungudika mumvura inopisa.Asi tembiricha yayo yegelation mumvura inopisa yakanyanya kukwirira kupfuura yemethyl cellulose.Iyo solubility mumvura inotonhora zvakare yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya kana ichienzaniswa nemethyl cellulose.
② Iyo viscosity yehydroxypropyl methylcellulose inoenderana nehuremu hwayo hwemamorekuru, uye iyo yakakwira huremu hwemamorekuru, inokwirisa viscosity.Kupisa kunokanganisawo viscosity yayo, sezvo tembiricha inowedzera, viscosity inoderera.Asi viscosity yayo haina kukanganiswa nekupisa kupfuura methyl cellulose.Mushonga waro wakagadzikana kana wakachengetwa pakushambidzika kwekamuri.
③Kuchengetwa kwemvura kwehydroxypropyl methylcellulose kunoenderana nehuwandu hwayo hwekuwedzera, viscosity, nezvimwewo, uye mwero wekuchengetedza mvura pasi pehuwandu hwekuwedzera hwakakwira kupfuura hwemethyl cellulose.
④Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yakagadzikana kune acid uye alkali, uye mhinduro yayo ine aqueous yakagadzikana muhuwandu hwePH = 2-12.Caustic soda uye mvura yeraimu haina mhedzisiro pakuita kwayo, asi alkali inogona kukurumidzira kuparara kwayo uye kuwedzera zvishoma viscosity yayo.Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yakagadzikana kune yakajairwa munyu, asi kana kusanganiswa kwemunyu munyu kwakakwira, viscosity yehydroxypropyl methylcellulose mhinduro inowedzera kuwedzera.
⑤Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inogona kusanganiswa nemvura-inonyungudika polima kuti iite yunifomu uye yakajeka mhinduro ine viscosity yakakwirira.Zvakadai se polyvinyl doro, starch ether, muriwo gum, nezvimwe.
⑥ Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ine nani enzyme kuramba kupfuura methylcellulose, uye mhinduro yayo kashoma kuderedzwa nema enzymes kupfuura methylcellulose.
⑦Kunamatirwa kwehydroxypropyl methylcellulose pakuvakwa kwedhaka kwakakwira kupfuura iyo yemethylcellulose.
1.3.3 Hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (HEC)
Yakagadzirwa kubva mukotoni yakanatswa yakabatwa nealkali, uye yakaitwa ne ethylene oxide se etherification agent pamberi peacetone.Dhigirii rekutsiva kazhinji 1.5-2.0.Iyo ine yakasimba hydrophilicity uye iri nyore kutora unyoro.
①Hydroxyethyl cellulose inonyungudika mumvura inotonhora, asi yakaoma kunyungudika mumvura inopisa.Mhinduro yaro yakagadzikana pakupisa kwepamusoro pasina gelling.Inogona kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba pasi pekushisa kwepamusoro mumatope, asi kuchengetedza kwayo mvura kwakaderera pane iyo yemethyl cellulose.
②Hydroxyethyl cellulose yakagadzikana kune general acid uye alkali.Alkali inogona kukurumidza kuparara kwayo uye zvishoma kuwedzera viscosity yayo.Kupararira kwayo mumvura kwakashata zvishoma kupfuura iyo yemethyl cellulose uye hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose.
③Hydroxyethyl cellulose ine yakanaka anti-sag kuita kwedhaka, asi ine nguva yakareba yekudzosa simende.
④Kuita kwehydroxyethyl cellulose inogadzirwa nemamwe mabhizinesi epamba zviri pachena kuti yakaderera pane iyo methyl cellulose nekuda kwehuwandu hwemvura uye madota akawandisa.
1.3.4 Carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC) yakagadzirwa nemafuta echisikigo (cotton, hemp, etc.) mushure mekurapa kwealkali, kushandisa sodium monochloroacetate se etherification agent, uye kutarisana nemaitiro ekugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira ionic cellulose ether.Dhigirii rekutsiva kazhinji 0.4-1.4, uye kuita kwayo kunokanganisa zvakanyanya nedhigirii rekutsiva.
①Carboxymethyl cellulose yakanyanya hygroscopic, uye ichange iine mvura yakawanda kana yachengetwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu.
②Hydroxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution haizobudisi gel, uye viscosity inoderera nekuwedzera kwekushisa.Kana tembiricha yadarika 50 ℃, viscosity haidzokerike.
③ Kugadzikana kwayo kunokanganisa zvakanyanya pH.Kazhinji, inogona kushandiswa mune gypsum-based mortar, asi kwete musimende-based mortar.Kana yakanyanya alkaline, inorasikirwa neviscosity.
④ Kuchengeta kwayo mvura kwakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura kwemethyl cellulose.Iyo ine mhedzisiro yekudzosera pane gypsum-based mortar uye inoderedza simba rayo.Nekudaro, mutengo wecarboxymethyl cellulose wakaderera zvakanyanya pane wemethyl cellulose.
2. Yakashandurwa starch ether
Starch ethers anowanzo shandiswa mumatope anogadziriswa kubva kumapolymer emamwe mapolysaccharides.Zvakadai sembatatisi, chibage, cassava, guar bhinzi, nezvimwewo zvinogadziridzwa kuita akasiyana akagadziridzwa starch ether.Iyo starch ethers inowanzoshandiswa mudhaka ndeye hydroxypropyl starch ether, hydroxymethyl starch ether, nezvimwe.
Kazhinji, starch ethers yakagadziridzwa kubva mumbatatisi, chibage, uye mufarinya ane mvura yakaderera zvakanyanya pane ether cellulose.Nekuda kwekusiyana kwayo kwedhigirii, inoratidza kugadzikana kwakasiyana kune acid uye alkali.Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvakakodzera kushandiswa mumadhaka egypsum, asi zvimwe hazvigone kushandiswa mumatope ane simende.Iko kushandiswa kwestarch ether mudhaka kunonyanya kushandiswa sechikobvu kuvandudza chidziviriro chekusagadzika kwedhaka, kuderedza kunamatira kwedhaka rakanyorova, uye kurebesa nguva yekuvhura.
Starch ethers anowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete ne cellulose, zvichikonzera kuwirirana zvivakwa uye zvakanakira izvo zvigadzirwa zviviri.Sezvo zvigadzirwa zve starch ether zvakachipa zvakanyanya pane cellulose ether, kuiswa kwestarch ether mudhaka kuchaunza kuderedzwa kwakanyanya mumutengo wekugadzira dhaka.
3. Guar gum ether
Guar gum ether imhando ye etherified polysaccharide ine yakakosha zvivakwa, iyo inogadziridzwa kubva kune yakasikwa guar bhinzi.Kunyanya kuburikidza ne etherification reaction pakati peguar gum uye acrylic anoshanda mapoka, chimiro chine 2-hydroxypropyl anoshanda mapoka anoumbwa, inova polygalactomannose chimiro.
①Kuenzaniswa ne cellulose ether, guar gum ether iri nyore kunyungudika mumvura.PH haina mhedzisiro pakuita kweguar gum ether.
②Pasi pemamiriro ekuderera kweviscosity uye yakaderera dosage, guar gum inogona kutsiva cellulose ether muhuwandu hwakaenzana, uye ine yakafanana kuchengetedza mvura.Asi kuwirirana, anti-sag, thixotropy uye zvichingodaro zviri pachena kuti zvakagadziridzwa.
③Pasi pemamiriro epamusoro viscosity uye dosage yakakura, guar gum haigone kutsiva cellulose ether, uye kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kwezviviri kunoburitsa kuita kuri nani.
④Kushandiswa kweguar gum mune gypsum-based mortar kunogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kunamatira panguva yekuvaka uye kuita kuti chivakwa chiite zvakanaka.Iyo haina mhedzisiro yakaipa pakugadzika nguva uye simba regypsum mortar.
⑤ Kana guar gum ikaiswa kune simende-yakavakirwa masonry uye plastering dhaka, inogona kutsiva cellulose ether muhuwandu hwakaenzana, uye inopa dhaka nekusagirira kurinani, thixotropy uye kutsetseka kwekuvaka.
⑥Mudhaka ine viscosity yakakwirira uye yakakwira yemvura inochengetedza, guar gum uye cellulose ether ichashanda pamwechete kuti iwane mibairo yakanaka.
⑦ Guar gum inogonawo kushandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvakadai sematairi anonamira, pasi-yega-leveling agents, mvura isingasviki putty, uye polymer dhaka yekuvharisa madziro.
4. Modified mineral water-retaining thickener
Iyo mvura-inochengetedza gobvu yakagadzirwa nemaminerari echisikigo kuburikidza nekugadzirisa uye kusanganisa yakashandiswa muChina.Maminerari makuru anoshandiswa kugadzirira mvura-inochengetedza thickeners ndeaya: sepiolite, bentonite, montmorillonite, kaolin, etc. Maminerari aya ane mamwe ekuchengetedza mvura uye kukora zvinhu kuburikidza nekugadziridzwa senge coupling agents.Rudzi urwu rwemvura inochengetedza mvura inoiswa mudhaka ine hunhu hunotevera.
① Inogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kuita kwedhaka rakajairika, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko ekusashanda zvakanaka kwesamende dhaka, kuderera kwesimba revhu rakasanganiswa, uye kushomeka kwemvura.
② Zvigadzirwa zvedhaka zvine mazinga akasiyana esimba kune zvakajairika maindasitiri uye zvivakwa zvevagari zvinogona kugadzirwa.
③Mutengo wezvinhu wakaderera.
④ Kuchengetedzwa kwemvura kwakaderera pane kweiyo organic kuchengetedza mvura, uye yakaoma shrinkage kukosha kwedhaka rakagadzirirwa yakakura, uye kubatana kunoderera.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-03-2023